Д«ecker R, Enders W, Lee J (2006) A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. ДЄpaydД±n Ећ (2020) Effects of globalization on ecological footprint: the case of Turkey. ДЄl-Mulali U, Fereidouni HG, Lee JY, Sab CNBC (2013) Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO 2 emission in MENA countries. Especially, policymakers should be careful about implementing environmental policies since they may affect economic (trade and financial) activities negatively.ДЄhmed Z, Wang Z, Mahmood F, Hafeez M, Ali N (2019) Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. The empirical results of this paper have a number of practical implications for policymakers. Besides, it is found that financial globalization has a predictive power to predict further values of environmental degradation in the MENA countries. The empirical results highlight that ecological footprint Granger causes economic, trade, and financial globalization for the panel. In this study, a new panel data technique for the causality analysis is developed (namely, panel Fourier Toda-Yamamoto approach) and applied to ecological footprint-economic globalization nexus in 14 MENA (Middle East and North Africa) countries during the period 1981вЂ“2016.

Although several attempts have been made to investigate the impact of globalization on the environment, no known empirical research has focused on exploring the causal relationship between ecological footprint and economic globalization index (provided by KOF Swiss Economic Institute) considering also its subcomponents-trade and financial globalization indices.

Recently, there has been renewed interest in the relationship between economic globalization and environmental pollution since various globalization indices are developed.

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